混用同步块和同步方法时的问题
在Thinking in Java (Fourth Edition)的Concurrency一章的Critical Sections 一节中有一个例子,用于展示同步整个方法和手动给代码块加锁两种同步方式的差异。
例子中定义了Pair具有x和y两个字段,要求x和y必须始终保持相同。checkState()会检查x和y是否相同,如不相同则抛出异常。
class Pair { // Not thread-safe
private int x, y;
public Pair(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public Pair() { this(0, 0); }
public int getX() { return x; }
public int getY() { return y; }
public void incrementX() { x++; }
public void incrementY() { y++; }
public String toString() {
return "x: " + x + ", y: " + y;
}
public class PairValuesNotEqualException extends RuntimeException {
public PairValuesNotEqualException() {
super("Pair values not equal: " + Pair.this);
}
}
// Arbitrary invariant -- both variables must be equal:
public void checkState() {
if(x != y)
throw new PairValuesNotEqualException();
}
}
Pair本身没有采用任何同步措施,不保证线程安全。PairManager通过持有Pair并控制对Pair的访问,确保线程安全。increment()令Pair的x和y同时自增,由具体子类实现。checkCounter用于计数其他任务访问成功的次数。
// Protect a Pair inside a thread-safe class:
abstract class PairManager {
AtomicInteger checkCounter = new AtomicInteger(0);
protected Pair p = new Pair();
private List<Pair> storage = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<Pair>());
public synchronized Pair getPair() {
// Make a copy to keep the original safe:
return new Pair(p.getX(), p.getY());
}
// Assume this is a time consuming operation
protected void store(Pair p) {
storage.add(p);
try {
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(50);
} catch(InterruptedException ignore) {}
}
public abstract void increment();
}
PairManipulator会不停的调用PairManager的increment(),使得PairManager持有的Pair对象的x和y不断自增。
class PairManipulator implements Runnable {
private PairManager pm;
public PairManipulator(PairManager pm) {
this.pm = pm;
}
public void run() {
while(true)
pm.increment();
}
public String toString() {
return "Pair: " + pm.getPair() + " checkCounter = " + pm.checkCounter.get();
}
}
PairChecker不断地检查PairManager持有的Pair是否满足x和y相等。每进行一次成功的访问,就令PairManager的checkCounter自增。
class PairChecker implements Runnable {
private PairManager pm;
public PairChecker(PairManager pm) {
this.pm = pm;
}
public void run() {
while(true) {
pm.checkCounter.incrementAndGet();
pm.getPair().checkState();
}
}
}
CriticalSection对两个PairManager进行测试,对每个PairManager,在不同的线程上创建PairManipulator和PairChecker,同时对PairManager进行自增和检查。
public class CriticalSection {
// Test the two different approaches:
static void
testApproaches(PairManager pman1, PairManager pman2) {
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
PairManipulator pm1 = new PairManipulator(pman1),
pm2 = new PairManipulator(pman2);
PairChecker pcheck1 = new PairChecker(pman1),
pcheck2 = new PairChecker(pman2);
exec.execute(pm1);
exec.execute(pm2);
exec.execute(pcheck1);
exec.execute(pcheck2);
try {
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(500);
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Sleep interrupted");
}
System.out.println("pm1: " + pm1 + "\npm2: " + pm2);
System.exit(0);
}
}
书中然后给出了同步整个increment()方法的ExplicitPairManager1,和手动锁定increment()方法中部分代码块的ExplicitPairManager2:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
// Synchronize the entire method:
class ExplicitPairManager1 extends PairManager {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public synchronized void increment() {
lock.lock();
try {
p.incrementX();
p.incrementY();
store(getPair());
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
// Use a critical section:
class ExplicitPairManager2 extends PairManager {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void increment() {
Pair temp;
lock.lock();
try {
p.incrementX();
p.incrementY();
temp = getPair();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
store(temp);
}
}
public class ExplicitCriticalSection {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PairManager pman1 = new ExplicitPairManager1(),
pman2 = new ExplicitPairManager2();
CriticalSection.testApproaches(pman1, pman2);
}
}
以上程序在我的电脑上(Windows 10 x64 + JDK 8)会抛出异常:
Exception in thread "pool-1-thread-4" com.sharingresources.Pair$PairValuesNotEqualException: Pair values not equal: x: 2, y: 1
显然出现了x和y不等的情况。通过分别注释掉CriticalSection.testApproaches()中两个PairManager的相关任务,定位问题出在ExplicitPairManager2。
ExplicitPairManager2的increment()使用ReentrantLock进行手动加锁,确保x和y的自增不会被打断。问题应该出在读取x和y的时机。ExplicitPairManager2的getPair()直接继承自父类PairManager:
public synchronized Pair getPair() {
// Make a copy to keep the original safe:
return new Pair(p.getX(), p.getY());
}
getPair()使用了synchronized,也是同步的,但却没有与ExplicitPairManager2的increment()同步,在increment()运行期间执行了getPair(),得到了不同的x和y。
这里的问题应该是,使用synchronized同步的方法是同步于对象自己的锁,而ExplicitPairManager2的increment()是同步于显式创建的ReentrantLock,getPair()和increment()没有同步于同一个锁,导致二者实际上没有同步。
通过在ExplicitPairManager2重写getPair(),使其同步于increment()的锁,即可解决此问题。
class ExplicitPairManager2 extends PairManager {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void increment() {
Pair temp;
lock.lock();
try {
p.incrementX();
p.incrementY();
temp = getPair();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
store(temp);
}
@Override
public Pair getPair() {
lock.lock();
try {
return new Pair(p.getX(), p.getY());
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
运行结果如下:
pm1: Pair: x: 76, y: 76 checkCounter = 23 pm2: Pair: x: 77, y: 77 checkCounter = 153991947
可见手动为代码块加锁能让对象更多地处于解锁状态,使共享资源能更充分地被其他任务使用。